Four concepts--statistical quality control, the new manufacturing accounting, the "flotilla" organization of the manufacturing process, and systems design--are transforming manufacturing theory. This new theory sees the factory as little more than a wide place in the stream of producing value, rather than as a collection of machines isolated from the rest of the business. Manufacturing and business decisions are one and the same. Though these concepts represent different constituencies with different agendas, together they are reconciling classic conflicts of twentieth century mass production.